An difríocht idir athruithe ar: "Toirtmheascadh"
Content deleted Content added
mNo edit summary |
|||
Líne 6:
Tagann an focal "tiltre " ón bhfocal Fraincise (1543), rud a chiallaíonn cion an óir nó an airgid i mboinn airgid nó i saothair óir nó airgid; .i., tomhas míne nó íonachta. Níos déanaí, rinneadh "titre" de "tiltre",<ref>[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/titre Ortolang: "titre" (in French)]: "4. a) 1543 ''tiltre « proportion d'or ou d'argent dans les monnaies, dans les ouvrages d'or et d'argent »'' </ref> agus ansin chiallaigh sé "míne an óir chóimhiotalaithe",<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/search?q=titre Etymology On Line: titrate]</ref> agus ansin "tiúchan substainte i sampla ar leith".<ref>[http://www.wordreference.com/definition/titre WordReference: titre and titer]</ref> Sa bhliain 1828, d’úsáid an poitigéir Francach [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] "titre" ar dtús mar bhriathar (titrer), rud a chiallaíonn “chun tiúchan substainte i sampla ar leith a chinneadh”. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gay-Lussac|title=Essai des potasses du commerce|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|date=1828|volume=39|pages=337–368|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dvy;view=1up;seq=339|series=2nd series|trans-title=Assays of commercial potash|language=fr}} In footnote (1) of p. 340, Gay-Lussac first uses ''titre'' as a verb: ''"Il leur serait plus facile de titrer l'acide sulfurique normal au moyen du carbonate de soude ou de potasse pur; … "'' ([Agus tiúchan aigéad sulfarach á chinneadh] bheadh sé níos éasca dóibh gnáth-aigéad sulfarach a thoirtmheascadh trí shóidiam íon nó carbónáit photaisiam;…) </ref>
Ag deireadh an 18ú haois, a thosaigh anailís toirtmhéadrach sa Fhrainc. D’fhorbair François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles an chéad buiréad (a bhí cosúil le sorcóir grádaithe) sa bhliain 1791. D’fhorbair Gay-Lussac leagan feabhsaithe den bhuiréad a chuimsigh taobhghéag , agus chum sé na téarmaí "pipette" (Gaeilge: pípéad) agus "burette" (Gaeilge: buiréad) i bpáipéar sa bhliain 1824 ar chaighdeánú thuaslagáin indeagó.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Gay-Lussac|title=Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux|journal=Annales de chimie et de physique|date=1824|volume=26|pages= 162–175 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dwa;view=1up;seq=180|series=2nd series|trans-title=Instructions on the assaying of chlorinated lime|language=fr}} On pp. 170–171, Gay-Lussac describes various figures that appear in a plate (illustration) that accompanies the article. From p. 170: ''" ''F'', petite mesure ou pipette de 2 ½ centimètres cubes, … "'' ( ''F'', small measure or "pipette" of 2 ½ cc., … ) From p. 171: ''" ''I'', burette destinée à mesurer la teinture d'épreuve: … "'' ( ''I'', "burette" intended to measure the test dye: … )</ref> The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist [[Étienne Ossian Henry]] (1798–1873).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=O.|title=Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer|journal=Journale de Pharmacie et de Chimie|date=1845|volume=7|pages=214–222|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3kbt;view=1up;seq=216|series=3rd series|trans-title=New experiments on the assay of commercial potash and an apparatus called a "potassimeter" to perform it|language=fr}} A sketch of Henry's burette appears on p. 218.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1= Szabadváry|first1=Ferenc|title=The history of chemical laboratory equipment|journal=Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering|date=1986 |volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=77–95|url=https://pp.bme.hu/ch/article/view/2829/1934}} See p. 87.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Szabadváry |first1= Ferenc|title=History of Analytical Chemistry|date=1966|publisher=Permagon Press|location=Oxford, England|page=237|isbn= 9781483157122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icn9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|translator=Gyula Svehla}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christophe|first1=R.|title=L'analyse volumétrique de 1790 à 1860. Caractéristiques et importance industrielle. Evolution des instruments.|journal=Revue d'histoire des sciences|date=1971|volume=24|issue=1|pages=25–44|doi=10.3406/rhs.1971.3172|trans-title= Volumetric analysis from 1790–1860. Characteristics and industrial importance. Evolution of instruments.|language=fr}} From p. 38: ''" … il préfigure bien ses descendants actuelles … "'' ( … it [i.e., Henry's burette] foreshadows well its modern descendants … )</ref> Ba é an poitigéir Francach Étienne Ossian Henry (1798-1873) a chum an chéad fhíorbhuiréad sa bhliain 1845. Tháinig feabhas mór ar an modh agus an tóir a bhí ar anailís toirtmhéadrach de bharr Karl Friedrich Mohr, a athdhearadh an buiréad i bhfoirm shimplí agus áisiúil, agus a scríobh an chéad téacsleabhar ar an ábhar, Lehrbuch der chemisch-analysistischen Titrirmethode (Téacsleabhar de mhodhanna toirtmheasctha na ceimice anailíse.), a foilsíodh sa bhliain 1855.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosenfeld |first=L.|year=1999|title=Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry|pages=72–75|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=90-5699-645-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mohr|first1=Karl Friedrich |title=Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode … , part 1|date=1855|publisher=Friederich Vieweg und Sohn|location= Braunschweig, (Germany)|pages=2–20|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89087461158;view=1up;seq=7|trans-title=Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods … |language=de}} Page 3 shows Mohr's burette; page 12 shows a burette with a glass stopcock (''Glasshahn'').</ref>
==Tagairtí==
| |||