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Thosaigh ceimiteiripe na n-antaibheathach sintéiseacha mar eolaíocht agus forbairt na n-antaibheathach go ginearálta sa Ghearmáin le [[Paul Erhlich]], eolaí leighis as an nGearmáin san 1880dí déanacha. Cortha cinniúna i bhforbairt na n-antaibheathach ba ea an iarracht a rinneadh le tuiscint a fháil ar an eolaíocht ba bhun leis na galair, chomh maith le forbairt na ceimiteirpe antaibheathaí sintéisí, is aonrú na n-antaibheathach féin. Tugadh antabóis orthu ar dtús, ba dhrugaí iad a ghníomhaigh i gcoinne na mbaictéar. Ba é an baictéar-eolaí Francach [[Vuillemin]] a spreag úsáid an téarma seo: antabóis, a chiallaíonn 'i gcoinne na beatha', de bharr go ndearna seo cur síos ar fheiniméan marfach na ndrugaí seo. Rinneadh an chéad chur síos ar antabóis i mbaictéar sa bhliain 1877 nuair a d'aithin Louis Pasteur agus [[Robert Koch]] go bhféadfadh bachaillín aeriompartha fás an Bhachaillín ''Bacillus anthracis'' a chosc. Rineadh na drugaí seo a athainmniú mar antaibheathaigh ag Selman Waksman, micreabhitheolaí Meiriceánach sa bhliain 1942.
Rinneadh cur síos ar fhreasaitheacht Penicillium spp. den chéad uair i Sasana ag [[John Tyndall]] sa bhliain 1875. Níor tuigeadh an tábhacht a bhain le fionnachtain na n-antaibheathach go dtí saothar Ehrlich ar cheimiteirpe antaibheathach sintéiseach, a bhí ina thús de réabhlóid na n-antaibheathach. Thug Erlich faoi deara go nascfadh roinnt [[ruaimeanna]] le cealla daonna, cealla ainmhithe, nó le cealla baictéire is go bhfágfaí a ndathanna orthu ach nach ndéanfadh roinn eile fós amhlaidh. Thóg sé ar an smaoineamh seo go m'fhéidir go mbeadh sé indéanta ruaimeanna nó ceimiceáin áirithe a dhéanamh a d'oibreodh mar ''philéar draíochta'' nó mar dhruga roghnach a nascfadh le agus a mharódh baictéir gan an t-óstach, sé sin an duine a ghortú. Tar éis an-chuid turgnamh is triaileacha, inar baineadh triail as na céadta ruaimeanna éagsúla, tháinig sé ar dhruga a bhí úsáideach ó thaobh an leighis de, an t-antaibheathach saorga [[Salvarsan]].
He then extended the idea that it might be possible to make certain dyes or chemicals that would act as a magic bullet or selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria while not harming the human host. After much experimentation, screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the man-made antibiotic, Salvarsan.[10][13][14] In 1928 Fleming made an important observation concerning the antibiosis by penicillin. Fleming postulated that the effect was mediated by a yet-unidentified antibiotic-like compound that could be exploited. Although he initially characterized some of its antibiotic properties, he did not pursue its development.[15][16] In the meantime, another synthetic antibacterial antibiotic Prontosil was developed and manufactured for commercial use by Domagk in 1932.[14] Prontosil, the first commercially available antibacterial antibiotic, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk (who received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts) at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci but not against enterobacteria. The discovery and development of this first sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibiotics. In 1939, discovery by Rene Dubos of the first naturally derived antibiotic-like substance named gramicidin from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics in use during World War II to prove highly effective in treating wounds and ulcers.[17] Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying penicillin. The purified antibiotic displayed antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria. It also had low toxicity and could be taken without causing adverse effects. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic antibiotic class available at the time, the sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented. The development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar capabilities.[18] Because of their discovery of penicillin Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and Alexander Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately, systematically searching for antibacterial compounds. Such a methodology had led to the discovery of gramicidin, which revived Florey's research in penicillin.[17]
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