Hibernicus exul

Hibernicus exul
Gníomhaíocht
Gairm	file
Teangacha	An Laidin

Ba fhile Laidine, ghramadóir agus dialachtaí an duine anaithnid seo Hibernicus exul, a bhí ar deoraíocht ó Éirinn (fl. san 8ú haois). I measc a chuid saothar tá eipic grinn bréige, duanmholadh do Shéarlas Mór, eipeagraim ag tabhairt comhairle do scoláirí óga agus forbhreathnú fileata de na seacht n-ealaíon liobrálacha.

Forbhreathnú

Is é "Hibernicus exul" (Gaeilge: an deoraí Éireannach), a thugtar ar an fhile Gael-Laidineach de chuid na hAthbheochana Cairilínsí, a mhair agus a scríobh i Ríocht na bhFranc (Regnum Francorumi). Sainaithníodh an file le 'Dungal' nó le 'Dicúil'.^[1]. Tá ocht gcinn is tríocha dá chuid dánta ar marthain, agus déantar iad go léir a chaomhnú i lámhscríbhinn amháin i Leabharlann na Vatacáine (Bibl. Apostolica, Reg. lat. 2078).

Ad Karolum Regem

Is é an eaclóg neamhiomlán Laidine, ag moladh Séarlas Mór as an mbua a bhaint amach ar Thassilo III na Baváire sa bhliain 787, an chuid is clúití dá shaothar.

Tá an dán, Ad Karolum Regem (chuig an Rí Séarlas) san 'Monumenta Germaniae Historica' agus 'In Praise of Poetry', i sciar d'aistriúchán Béarla Peter Godman, scríofa mar agallamh idir file agus Bé (na codanna atá deacair d'eagarthóirí an lae inniu a dhéanamh amach), an smaoineamh a thug Walahfrid Strabó suntas dó.^[2] Tosaíonn an dán le cur síos ar Charlemagne agus Tassilo, dux inclitus (an diúc oirirc). Is iad bronntanais Charlemagne do Thassilo easumhal, géilleadh searmanach Thassilo agus cíos a íoc, agus athmhuintearas an dá phríonsa Críostaí príomhthéamaí thionscnamh na hoibre. Líontar an fuílleach le dialóg an fhile ghrinn agus na Bé a thaispeánann neamhbhásmhaireacht na filíochta dó.

Don staraí, léiríonn dán an deoraí an luach ard a thugtar do fhlaithiúlacht agus d'athmhuintearas i measc na gCríostaithe, agus léirítear an diúc ar bhealach dearfach.^[3] Bhí gá le móradh na filíochta (ag file) i ndomhan a dhírigh ar rath saolta agus míleata go háirithe. Dearbhaíonn an file freisin go bhfuil na hábhair tuata chomh fiúntach le hábhair naofa le haghaidh na rannaíochta; ceann de na cosaintí is luaithe ón gCríostaíocht Laidineach a bhaineann le moladh mairbh na cúirte ríoga/poiblí.

Burdúin

Scríobh Hibernicus exul cúpla burdún Laidine freisin a léirigh dhá mhodh oideolaíocha chodarsnacha: spreagadh agus bagairt.^[4] Tarraingíonn an chéad cheann ar seanfhocail sa Disticha Catonis agus téann sé seo mar seo:

Discite nunc, pueri! Docilis cito vertitur aetas,
Tempora praetereunt axe rotante diem.
Ardenti ut sonipes carpit celer aequora cursu,
Sic volat, heu, iuvenis non remanente gradu.
Curvantur facili vi lenta cacumina virgae,
Sed rigidos ramos flectere nemo valet.
Dum faciles animi vobis sint forte, sodales,
Discere ne pigeat scita superna dei.
Ne bene concessum spatium perdatis inane,
Nam sine doctrina vita perit hominum.

Learn now, boys! The age for learning passes swiftly,
time goes by, as the heavens revolve the days follow.
Just as the swift charger gallops eagerly over the fields,
so youth flies by without lingering as it passes.
The pliant tip of the twig curves beneath an easy pressure
but no one can bend the stiff boughs.
While your minds happen to be receptive, my friends,
waste no time and learn the divine commands of God.
Do not squander the period generously granted to you,
for without learning the life of man perishes.

Smaointe criticiúla faoi na dánta

Tá an méid seo a leanas le rá ag an Catholic Encyclopedia faoi Hibernicus:

"The poems of this exile show that he was not only a poet but a grammarian and dialectician as well. They also reveal his status as that of a teacher, probably in the palace school. Of more than ordinary interest are the verses which describe the attitude of the ninth-century teacher towards his pupils. His metrical poem on the seven liberal arts devotes twelve lines to each of the branches, grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, etc., showing the origin, scope, and utility of each in succession. Like the lines on the same subject by Theodulf of Orléans, they may have been intended to accompany a set of pictures in which the seven liberal arts were represented. The style of these poems, while much inferior to that of the classical period is free from many of the artificialities which characterize much of the versification of the early Middle Ages."

Nótaí

↑ Anna Lisa Taylor, Epic Lives and Monasticism in the Middle Ages, 800–1050 (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 13.
↑ The editio princeps is Ernst Dümmler, MGH, Poetae Latini medii aevi, I (Berlin, 1881); Peter Godman (1985), Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), pp. 24–25, discusses the poem briefly and provides a critical edition and translation of it, pp 174–79. The poem is the earliest Carolingian eclogue.
↑ Stuart Airlie (1999), "Narratives of Triumph and Rituals of Submission: Charlemagne's Mastering of Bavaria", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
↑ Godman provides a translation of these two on pp. 178–79.

Tagairtí

Godman, Peter (1985). Filíocht an Athbheochana Carolingian. Londain.

Tuilleadh léitheoireachta

Löwe, H., ed. (1982). "Die Iren und Europa im früheren Mittelalter".

Naisc sheachtracha

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05730a.htm

[1] Anna Lisa Taylor, Epic Lives and Monasticism in the Middle Ages, 800–1050 (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 13.

[2] The editio princeps is Ernst Dümmler, MGH, Poetae Latini medii aevi, I (Berlin, 1881); Peter Godman (1985), Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), pp. 24–25, discusses the poem briefly and provides a critical edition and translation of it, pp 174–79. The poem is the earliest Carolingian eclogue.

[3] Stuart Airlie (1999), "Narratives of Triumph and Rituals of Submission: Charlemagne's Mastering of Bavaria", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

[4] Godman provides a translation of these two on pp. 178–79.

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