Hipitéis substráit Ghaeilise

Dar le Hipitéis substráit Ghaeilise, tá tionchar theangacha a bhí ann i nÉirinn roimh theacht na nGael san Iarnnaois le feiceáil sna Teangacha Gaelacha.

Teangacha neamh-Ind-Eorpacha cuir in eagar

Lonnaíodh Éire tar éis chúlú na clúid oighir c. 10,500 BC.[1] Meastar gur tháinig na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha i bhfad níos deireanaí, ag teacht in áit na teangacha dúchais. Moltar ámh go bhfuil tionchar na (d)teang(each)a úd fós ann trí fhianaise logainmneacha agus ainmneach pearsanta ach go háirithe,[2][3][4] bunaithe ar ainmneacha in Geografaíocht le Tolamaes.

Tá trí smaoineamh ann maidir le teacht na teangacha Ghaeilise go hÉirinn:

  1. le cultúr Bell Beaker c. 2500 BC
  2. ag tús na hIarnnaoise (c. 500 RC).[5]
  3. ach amháin sa chéad aois AD, le himirce tar éis choncas Rómhánach na Breataine.[6]

Focail neamh-Ind-Eorpach sa Ghaeilge cuir in eagar

Molann Gearóid Mac Eoin na focail a leanas:

  • bréifin
  • cufar, cuifre, cuipre[7]
  • fafall, fubhal[8]
  • lufe
  • slife[9]
  • strophais[10]

agus na logainmneacha a leanas:[11]

  • Bréifne
  • Crufait
  • Dún Gaifi
  • Faffand
  • Grafand
  • Grafrenn
  • Life/Mag Liphi
  • Máfat

Molann Peter Schrijver na focail a leanas:[12]

I staidéar eile, pléann sé roinnt smaoineamh mar mhalairt ar cháintí le Graham Isaac.[17]

Molann Ranko Matasović na focail a leanas:[18]

Cuireann sé in úil fosta go bhfuil focail ann i dteangacha Ceilteacha eile agus bunús neamh-Ind-Eorpach. Más fíor, is léir go raibh an substráit bhí le Gaeilge Chianach féin ach le Prótai-Cheiltis.[21]

Molann Gerry Smyth gur focal den substráit é Dothar[22] na Sean-Ghaeilge (An Dothra).[23]

Examples of words found in more than one branch of Celtic but with no obvious cognates outside Celtic include:

  • Meán-Ghaeilge ainder 'ógbhean', Meán-Bhreatnais Welsh anneir 'bearach', Gaillis anderon (Bascais andere 'bean')
  • Sean-Ghaeilge berr[24], Meán-Bhreatnais byrr, Gaillis Birrus (ainm)
  • Sean-Ghaeilge bran, Meán-Bhreatnais bran, Gaillis Brano- (m.s. Bran Ardchenn, Bran Becc mac Murchado agus Bran the Blessed)
  • Meán-Ghaeilge brocc, Meán-Bhreatnais broch, Gaillis Broco-, Béarla brock
  • Sean-Ghaeilge carpat 'carbad', Breatnais cerbyd, Gaillis carpento-, Carbanto-
  • Sean-Ghaeilge 'bradán', Meán- Breatnais ehawc, Gaillis *esoks, Laidin esox), Bascais izokin[25]
  • Sean-Ghaeilge cuit 'cuid', Meán-Breatnais peth, Gaulish * pettia, Latin petia, Francais pièce)
  • Sean-Ghaeilge molt, Meán-Breatnais mollt, Gaillis Moltus (ainm), Francais mouton, Béarla mutton
  • Sean-Ghaeilge adarc, Bascais adar.[18]

Féach freisin cuir in eagar

Tagairtí cuir in eagar

  1. "Bear bone opens new chapter in Ireland's archaeology". The Irish Times (21ú Marta 2016).
  2. Stephen Oppenheimer, The Origins of the British (2009).
  3. Indo-European and non-Indo-European aspects to the languages and place-names in Britain and Ireland: the state of the art, le George Broderick, in 'From the Russian rivers to the North Atlantic' (2010), ll. 29–63.
  4. Adams, G.B. (1980). "Place-names from pre-Celtic languages in Ireland and Britain". Nomina 4: 46–63. 
  5. Villar Liébana, Francisco (2001). "Celtas y Vettones" (as es): 115–121. Diputación Provincial de Ávila. 
  6. Schrijver, Peter (2014). "Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages": 79–85. Nua Eabhrac, Londain: Routledge. 
  7. ? cuipre, carthanach, ar eDIL
  8. fafall, brocamas(?), ar eDIL
  9. slife?, ar eDIL
  10. strophais[nasc briste go buan], clúdach tuí, ar eDIL
  11. "The Celtic Languages in Contact" (26–27 July 2007). Potsdam University Press. 
  12. Schrijver, Peter. "Non-Indo-European surviving in Ireland in the first millennium AD". Ériu 51. 
  13. patu, giorra, ar eDIL
  14. 2 pell, capall, ar eDIL
  15. pít, roinnt bia, ar eDIL
  16. 1 pluc, toirt/meall cruinn, ar eDIL
  17. Schrijver, Peter. "More on Non-Indo-European surviving in Ireland in the first millennium AD". Ériu 55. 
  18. 18.0 18.1 Matasović, Ranko (2019-04-15). "The substratum in Insular Celtic" (as en). Gorgias Press. doi:10.31826/9781463235406-010. 
  19. 1 dega, ciaróg, ar eDIL
  20. 1 nes(s), eas (ainmhí), ar eDIL
  21. Matasović, Ranko (2009). "Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic". Leiden: Brill. 
  22. dothar ar eDIL
  23. Smyth, Gerry (18ú Iúil 2001). "Space and the Irish Cultural Imagination". Springer. 
  24. berr, gearr, ar eDIL
  25. Trask, R. Larry (2008). "Etymological Dictionary of Basque". Falmer, UK: University of Sussex.  Curtha i gcartlann 2011-06-07 ar an Wayback Machine