Scátháin na bhflatha

Is genre teagaisc iad Scátháin na bhFlatha (Laidin: specula principum), scríofa le linn na meánaoise agus an Renaissance. Is cuid iad de genre níos leithne, Litríochta Speculi.

Feictear is minice iad mar théacsleabhair a thugann teagasc go díreach do ríthe nó rialtóirí eile, ar ghnéithe áirithe rialachais agus iompair, le samplaí i gcomhair nó aithrise nó seachanta. Cumadh iad go minic agus rí nua, idir óg agus/nó ar bheagán taithí, ag teacht i réim.

Scríobhadh an saothar is luaite den chineál seo ag Sedulius Scottus (beo 840–860), an file Éireannach a mheastar a chum an dán gluaise, Pangur Bán (9ú haois). Is é An Prionsa (c. 1513) le Niccolò Machiavelli, an sampla is mó le rá, cé nach tipiciúil go leor é is féidir a rá.

Téacsanna clasaiceacha

Super Physicam Aristotelis, 1595

Gréagacha agus Rómhánacha

• Xenophon, Cyropaedia
• Isocrates, Do Nicocles agus Evagoras
• Philodemus, An Rí Maith dar le Homer
• Dio Chrysostom, An Chéad Dioscúrsa ar Ríogacht srl.
• Seneca, De Clementia
• Cicero, De Officiis
• Eusebius, Vita Constantini, scáthán na bhflatha, b'fhéidir, ach pléitear fós a genre cruinn, lucht spéise agus cuspóir.

Indiacha

• Vishnu Sharma, Panchatantra
• Chanakya, Arthashastra

Síneacha

• Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu. D'fhéadfadh a rá gurb é téacs mistiúlachta, philosophical téacs fealsúnachta, nó dréacht ar ríogacht)
• Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian nó Teagasc Cuimsitheach i gcomhair Rialachais
• Mencius. Faightear an plé leis na Talmhaithe, an chéad ghrúpa sóisialach a mhol sochaí gan aicmí
• Han Fei Zi. Teagasc dleathaíochta agus ceird ríogachta.

Téacsanna Iarthar na hEorpa

Luathmheánaois

• Agaistín Hippo, De civitate Dei, iml. 24, "The true felicity of Christian Emperors."
• Gréagóir Tours, History of the Franks, a thabhairt rabhadh ina éadan aighneas cathartha.
• De duodecim abusivis saeculi, (7ú haois), dréacht Laidin na hÉireann le húdar Éireannach anaithnid, luaite scaití mar Pseudo-Cyprian. Cé nach 'scáthán na bhFlatha' é per se, bhí tionchar mór aige ar fhorbairt an genre ar an mór-roinn.
• Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a deir go sonrach gurb é cuspóir staidéar staire ná samplaí aithrise nó seachanta a chur in úil.

Teacsanna Cairilínseacha:

• Smaragdus Saint-Mihiel, Via regia (813), d'fhéadfaí a rá gurb é an chéad fíor scáthán na bhflatha, tiomnaithe do Louis Diaganta, agus é ina rí Aquitania.
• Einhard, Vita Karoli, which idolises Charlemagne's reign as something for other rulers to aspire to.
• Jonas Orléans, De Institutione Regia (c. 831), scríofa do Pepin I Aquitaine, is amhlaidh coimisiúnaithe ag comhairle ag Orléans.
• Agobard Lyons, a litreacha.
• Sedulius Scottus, De rectoribus christianis (c. 855-9), curtha ar rí Lothar II Lotharingia.
• Hincmar of Reims, De regis persona
• Hincmar of Reims, De ordine palatii (882), a leagan dualgais mhorálta an rí amach agus chuir síos ar eagrú páláis.
• Jonas of Orléans, De Institutione Laicali (818 x 828), scrios do Matfrid Orléans.
• Paulinus Aquileia, Liber exhortationis (795), scríofa do Heiric Friuli.
• Alcuin, De virtutibus et vitiis (c. 799–800), scríofa do Wido na Briotáine.
• Dhuoda, Liber manualis, scríofa dá mac, William.

Téacsanna Éireannacha

• De duodecim abusivis saeculi, féach thuas. Is pearsana seanscéalacha iad á dteagasc sa saothar seo.
• Audacht Morainn, scríofa c. 700 as Sean-Ghaeilge, réamhtheachtaí 'scátháin na bhflatha'. Deirtear gur chuir an breitheamh eagnaí, Morann, comhairle chuig Feradach Finnfechtnach agus é ar tí éirí ina rí na Teamhrach.
• Tecosca Cormaic, ina múineann Cormac mac Airt a mhac Cairbre Lifechair in ábhair éagsúla.
• Bríatharthecosc Con Culainn (Cú Chulainn) (le fáil mar chuid de Serglige Con Culainn), curtha ar Lugaid Réoderg.
• Tecosc Cuscraid
• Senbríathra Fithail
• Briathra Flainn Fína (Flann Fína)

Meánaois déanach

• Stephen I na hUngáire, Admonitions (1010s), scríofa dá mhac agus rídhamhna, Naomh Emeric.
• John Salisbury, Policraticus, The Statesman's Book (1159).
• Godfrey Viterbo, Speculum regum (c. 1183), dedicated to his Staufian imperial patrons, athair Frederick Barbarossa agus mac, Henry VI.
• Pseudo-Plutarch, Institutio Traiani (first quoted in John of Salisbury's Policraticus le).
• Gerald na Breataine Bige, Liber de principis instructione (c. 1193) agus De instructione principis.
• Konungs skuggsjá nó Speculum regale, (c. 1250) dréacht Lochlannach scríofa don rí Magnús lagabœtir.
• Vincent Beauvais, De eruditione filiorum nobilium (c. 1250).
• Vincent de Beauvais, De morali principis institutione (c. 1262), scríofa is dóigh do Louis IX na Fraince
• Guibert Tournai, De modo addiscendi (c. 1260).
• Guibert Tournai, Eruditio regum et principum (1259), scríofa do Louis IX na Fraince.
• Thomas Aquinas, De regno (c. 1260), often conflated with the De regimine principum of Ptolemy Lucca
• William Peraldus, De eruditione principum = 'On the Education of Princes' (c. 1265), formerly attributed to Thomas Aquinas.
• Brunetto Latini, Li livres dou trésor (1266), written for Charles of Anjou.
• Giles of Rome, De regimine principum = 'On the Rule of Princes' (c. 1278), written for Philip the Fair.
• William of Pagula, Speculum regis, written for Edward III of England (c. 1331).
• Don Juan Manuel, Tales of Count Lucanor (1335).
• Alvarus Pelagius, Speculum regum (1340s), written for Alfonso XI of Castile.
• Um styrilsi kununga ok höfþinga (1350s), Old Swedish treatise
• The III Consideracions Right Necesserye to the Good Governaunce of a Prince (c. 1350), a translation of a French treatise from 1347, intended for King John II of France.
• Evrart de Trémaugon, Le songe du verger (1376).
• Christine de Pizan, Epistre Othea a Hector (c. 1400), Livre du corps de policie (1407), Livre de la paix (between 1412 and 1414).
• Thomas Hoccleve, De regimine principum (early 1410s) written for Henry V of England.
• John of Ireland, The Meroure of Wysedome, (1490) written for James IV of Scotland.

Renaissance

• John Skelton, Speculum principis (1501), lost work written for the then future Henry VIII. A copy of this treatise, which may not be entirely the same as that presented to Henry, resides with the British Museum.
• Erasmus, Institutio principis Christiani 'Education of a Christian Prince' (1516), written as advice to King Charles of Spain (the later Charles V).
• Thomas More, Utopia (1516), written as advice to Henry VIII
• Martin Luther. On Secular Authority (1523), a letter dedicated to John, Toghthóir na Sacsaine
• Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier (1528), based on experiences of the courts of Urbino.
• Antonio de Guevara, Relox de príncipes (1529), inspired by and dedicated to Charles V, a bestseller of its times, translated during the 16th Century to English, Latin, Italian, German, French and Dutch.
• Machiavelli, Il Principe (c. 1513, published in 1532).
• George Buchanan, De iure regni apud Scotos (1579), a work in the form of a Socratic dialogue on ideal kingship dedicated to the young James VI of Scotland
• Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State (1589), a criticism of Machiavelli's Prince.
• Johann Damgaard, Alithia (1597), written for the young Danish monarch King Christian IV.
• Juan de Mariana, De rege et regis institutione (Toledo, 1598); The King and the Education of the King, translated by George Albert Moore, Country Dollar Press (1948).
• James VI of Scotland, Basilikon Doron (1599) written as a gift to his eldest son.
• Hugo Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (1625) dedicated to Louis XIII of France
• John Gauden, Eikon Basilike (1649) published after Charles I of England was beheaded.

Enlightenment

• Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1709) dedicated to the future Louis XV of France.
• Frederick II of Prussia, Anti-Machiavel (1740) a critique of Machiavelli's Prince.

Téacsanna Biosántacha

• Synesius, easpag Cyrene, De regno, óráid ráite le himpire Arcadius.
• Agapetu deacon, óráid ráite le himpire Justinian I.
• Patrarc Photios I Chathair Chonstaintín, litir do Boris I na Bulgáire.
• Basil I Macadóine, dá mhac Leo VI Eagnaí
• Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, De Administrando Imperio, teagasc ar polasaí intíre agus eachtrannach dá mhac agus chomharba, impire Romanos II.
• Kekaumenos, Strategikon (1075/1078), an dá alt deireanacha ach go háirithe.
• Ardeaspag Theophylact Ohrid, Paideia Basilike (Laidin Institutio Regia) (c. 1088), dá dhalta Constaintín mac an Impire Michael VII Doukas.
• Spaneas nó Didaskalia Parainetike, dán de chuid na 12ú haoise bunaithe ar Ad Demonicum as Isocratea.
• Nikephoros Blemmydes, Andrias Basilikos (Laidin. Regia statua), scríofa do Theodore II Laskaris, rídhamhna Nicaea
• Thomas Magistros, La regalita.
• Manuel II Palaiologos, Paideia Regia.
• Patrarc Antony IV Cathair Chonstaintín, letter to Vasily I Moscó (1393).
• Poucheniye (teagasc) Vladmir Monomakh dá chlann (1120í).

Téacsanna Peirseacha Réamh-Ioslamacha

• Ewen-Nāmag (“Leabhar Rialacha”): Ar mhodhanna, nósanna, skills, ealaíona, eolaíochtaí, srl. na Sasanach
• Tāj-Nāmag (“Leabhar na Corónach”)
• Kalilag ud Damanag: aistriúchán Meán-Pheirsise de Panchatantra as an India.
• Jāvidan Khrad ("Eagnaíocht Neamhbhásmhar")
• Litríocht Andarz.

Téacsanna Ioslamacha

• Ibn Arabi, (At-Tadbidrat al-ilahiyyah fi islah al-mamlakat al-insaniyyah (Rialachas Diaga don Ríocht Daonna)
• Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, litir d'Abdallah mac an chailif Umayyad, Marwan II (c. 750)
• Ibn al-Muqaffa, Kalila wa Dimna (c. 750)
• Abu Yahya ibn al-Batriq (d. 815) Sirr al-Asrar (سر الأسرار) 'Secretum Secretorum'
• Al-Farabi (c. 872–950), Fusul al-Madani (Seanráite Státóra)
• Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi (981–1027), Kitab fi'l-si'yasa
• Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik (beo 1053, Damascus), مختار الحكم ومحاسن الكلم Mukhtār al-Hikam wa-Maḥāsin al-Kalim (Natháin agus Seanráite Áirithe)
• Nizam al-Mulk, Siyāset-nāmeh, (Leabhar Rialachais) (c. 1090) (Peirsis)
• Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), Nasihat al-muluk (Comhairle do Thiarnaí) (Peirsis)
• Qabus nama (1082) (Peirsis)
• Al-Imam al-Hadrami (bás 1095), Kitâb al-Ishâra
• Yusuf Balasaghuni, Kutadgu Bilig (11ú haois)
• At-Turtushi, Siraj al-Muluk (Lampa Ríthe) (c. 1121)
• Ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī, Sulwan al-Muta' fi 'udwan al-atba (Sólás don Rí le linn Naimhdeas Géillsineach)
• Bahr Al-Fava'id (Muir Shuáilcí), tiomsaithe sa 12ú haois.
• Muhammad al-Baqir Najm-I Sani, Mau‘izah-i Jahangiri (Foláireamh Jahāngír nó Comhairle ar Cheird an Rialachais) (1612-1613).
• Saadi, Gulistan Sa'di, chéad alt ar "Nósanna ríthe" (13ú haois, Peirsis).
• Hussain Vaiz Kashifi, Aklhaq i Muhsini (Peirsis, AH 900/AD 1495).

Téacsanna Slavacha

• Neagoe Basarab (1512–1521), Teagaisc Neagoe Basarab dá mhac Theodosie, ar cheann deana chéad saothair liteartha as Wallachia

Féach freisin

• Conduct book
• Ensenhamen (Occitan)
• Islamic advice literature
• Nasîhatnâme
• Panchatantra
• Phronesis
• Speculum literature
• Wisdom literature

Foinsí

• Anton, H.H. Fürstenspiegel und Herrscherethos in der Karolingerzeit. Bonner Historische Forschungen 32. Bonn, 1968.
• — Fürstenspiegel (Königsspiegel) des frühen und hohen Mittelalters Ein Editionsprojekt an der Universität Trier
• Finotti, Fabio (eag.), I volti del principe. Venezia: Marsilio, 2018.
• Handy, Amber. The Specula principum in northwestern Europe, A.D. 650-900 : the evolution of a new ethical rule. Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Notre Dame, 2011. Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame, 2011. Dátarochtana 17ú Bealtaine, 2015. Univ. of Notre Dame Online theses & dissertations
• Konstantinos D.S. Paidas, He thematike ton byzantinon "katoptron hegemonos" tes proimes kai meses Byzantines periodoy(398-1085). Symbole sten politike theoria ton Byzantinon, Athens 2005.
• —, Tá byzantina "katoptra hegemonos" tes ysteres periodoy (1254–1403). Ekfraseis toy byzantinoy basilikou ideodous, Athens 2006.
• Lambton, Ann K.S. Islamic Mirrors for Princes. In: eadem, Theory and Practice in Medieval Persian Government. Londain. 1980. VI: 419–442.
• Smith, Roland M. The Speculum Principum in Early Irish Literature. Speculum 2 (1927): 411–45.